Rocks are the original basis of all soils, and according to the degree of fineness to which they have been reduced, through centuries of decomposition by air, moisture and frost, they are known as gravelly, sandy or clayey soils.
We will mention the three basic variations of soils, according to their variation in mechanical texture, which the home gardener is most likely to encounter.
Healthy soil gives us clean air and water, bountiful crops and forests, productive grazing lands, diverse wildlife, and beautiful landscapes. Soil does all this by performing five essential functions:
REGULATING WATER - Soil helps control where rain, snowmelt, and irrigation water goes. Water and dissolved solutes flow over the land or into and through the soil.
SUSTAINING PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE - The diversity and productivity of living things depends on soil.
FILTERING AND BUFFERING POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS - The minerals and microbes in soil are responsible for filtering, buffering, degrading, immobilizing, and detoxifying organic and inorganic materials, including industrial and municipal by-products and atmospheric deposits.
CYCLING NUTRIENTS - Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and many other nutrients are stored, transformed, and cycled in the soil.
PHYSICAL STABILITY AND SUPPORT - Soil structure provides a medium for plant roots. Soils also provide support for human structures and protection for archeological treasures.
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