Swahili language
Swahili (also Kiswahili, see Kiswahili for a discussion on nomenclature) is an agglutinative Bantu language widely spoken in East Africa. Swahili is the mother tongue of the Swahili people who inhabit a 1500 km stretch of the East African coast from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique. There are approximately five million first-language speakers and fifty million second-language speakers. Swahili has become a lingua franca for East Africa and surrounding areas.
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2 Noun classes 3 Verb Affixation 4 Dialects 5 External links and references |
The traditional centre of the language has been Zanzibar, and Swahili is an official language of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The Swahili spoken in Nairobi incorporates significantly more English loanwords than that spoken on the coast, and in Tanzania Swahili is the most widely used language. The language is also spoken in regions that border these three countries, such as far northern Malawi and Mozambique, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,Rwanda and Burundi, and southern Ethiopia. The Zanzibar dialect is known as Kiunguja.
Swahili belongs to the Sabaki subgroup of the Northeastern coast Bantu languages. It is closely related to the Miji Kenda group of languages, Pokomo, Ngazija etc. Over at least a thousand years of intense and varied interaction with the Middle East, Arabia, Persia, India and China has given Swahili a rich infusion of loanwords from a wide assortment of languages.
Despite the substantial number of loanwords present in Swahili, the language is in fact Bantu. In the past, some have held that Swahili is variously a derivative of Arabic, that a distinct Swahili people do not exist, or that Swahili is simply an amalgam of Arabic and African language and culture, though these theories have now been largely discarded. The distinct existence of the Swahili as a people can be traced back over a thousand years, as can their language. In structure and vocabulary Swahili is distinctly Bantu and shares far more culturally and lingustically with other Bantu languages and peoples than it does with Arabic, Persian, Indian etc. In fact, it is estimated that the proportion of non-African language loanwords in Swahili is comparable to the proportion of French, Latin and Greek loanwords in the English language.
In common with all Bantu languages Swahili grammar arranges nouns into a number of classes. A total of 22 noun classes - according to the Meinhof system - are possible across all Bantu languages, with all languages sharing at least ten of these. Swahili employs a total of fifteen noun classes. Words beginning with m- whose plural changes it to wa- denote persons, e.g. mtoto 'child', plural watoto. The infinite of verbs begins with ku-, e.g. kusoma 'to read'. Other classes are harder to categorize. Singulars beginning ki- take plurals in vi-: this even applies to foreign words where the ki- is originally part of the root, not a prefix, so vitabu 'books'. This class also contains diminutives, and languages. Words beginning with u- are often abstract, with no plural, e.g. utoto 'childhood'.
A fifth class begins with n- or m- or nothing, and its plural is the same. Another m- class takes plurals in mi-, e.g. mti 'tree', miti trees. Another class usually has no ending in the singular, and takes ma- in the plural. When the noun itself does not make clear which class it belongs to, its concords do. Adjectives and numerals take the noun prefixes, and verbs take a different set of prefixes.
Kitabu kimoja kinatosha Vitabu viwili vinatosha
book one suffices book two suffice
One book suffices Two books suffice
Ndizi moja inatosha Ndizi mbili zinatosha
banana one suffices banana two suffice
One banana suffices Two bananas suffice
Swahili verbs consist of a root and a number of affixes (mostly prefixes) which can be attached to mean express grammatical persons, tense and many clauses that would require a conjunction in other languages (usually prefixes). As sometimes these affixes are sandwiched inbetween the root word and other affixes, some linguists have mistakenly assumed that Swahili uses infixes which is not the case.
In most dictionaries verbs are listed in their root form, for example -kata meaning 'to cut/chop'. In a simple sentence prefixes for grammatical person are added, e.g. ninakata. Ni- means 'I' and na- means
u- me- kata 'You have cut'
2ndSING. PRES.PROG. cut/chop
mwa- soma 'You (pl.) read'
2ndPLUR.:PRES. read
A third prefix can be added, the object prefix. It is placed just before the root and can either refer to a person, replace an object or emphasize a particular one, e.g.:
ni- na- mw- ona mtoto 'I (am) see(ing) the child'
1stSING. PRES.PROG. KL.1 see child
Other suffixes, which once again look suspiciously like infixes, are placed before the end vowel, e.g.
Since colonial times circa 1870 to 1960 and into the present time Kiunguja, the Zanzibar dialect of Swahili has become the basis of Standard Swahili as used in East Africa. Nevertheless Swahili encompasses more than fifteen distinct dialects including:
Overview
Noun classes
Mtoto mmoja anasoma Watoto wawili wanasoma
child one is reading children two are reading
One child is reading Two children are reading
Verb Affixation
ni- na- kata 'I am cutting'
1stSING. PRES.PROG. cut/chop
Now this sentence can be modified either by changing the subject prefix or the tense prefix, for example: u- na- kata 'You are cutting'
2ndSING. PRES.PROG. cut/chop
The simple present is more complicated and learners often take some of the phrases for slang before they discover the proper usage. Nasoma means 'I read'. This is not short for ninasoma ('I am reading'). a- is the tense prefix for simple past and the vowel of the prefix ni- is assimilated. That way it is difficult to tell the prefixes as part and easier to consider them as one, e.g.: na- soma 'I read'
1stSING.:PRES. read
The complete list of basic subject prefixes is (for m-/wa- or human class): SINGULAR PLURAL
1st PERSON ni- tu-
2nd PERSON u- m-
3rd PERSON a- wa-
The most common tense prefixes are:
a-
However it is not only tenses in the sense the word is used in English that can be expressed by tense prefixes: conjunctions can be used in this context as well. For example ki- is the prefix for a- na- mw- ona 'I (am) see(ing) him/her'
3rdSING. PRES.PROG. OBJ3rdSING see
There are not just prefixes. The root of a word is not really the one proposed by most dictoraries - the final vowel is an affix too. The suffix provided by dictionaries means si- 0 som -i 'I am not reading/ I don't read'
1stSING:NEG PRES read NEG
Other instances of this change of the final vowel include the conjunctive, where an -e is implemented. This goes only for Bantu verbs ending with -a, ones derived from Arabic follow more complex rules. wa- na- pig -w -a 'They are being hit'
3rdPLUR. PRES.PROG. hit PASSIVE IND.
Dialects
External links and references