Perpetual motion
See also perpetuum mobile as a musical termPerpetual motion machines (the Latin term perpetuum mobile is not uncommon) are a class of hypothetical machines which would produce useful energy "from nowhere." The existence of a perpetual motion machine is generally accepted as being impossible according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. In particular, perpetual motion machines would violate either the first or second laws of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines are divided into two subcategories defined by which law of thermodynamics would have to be broken in order for the device to be a true perpetual motion machine. These two subcategories are referred to as "perpetual motion of the first kind" and "perpetual motion of the second kind". Scientists and engineers accept the possibility that the current understanding of the laws of physics may be incomplete or incorrect; A perpetual motion device may not be impossible, but overwhelming evidence would be required to regeneralize the laws of physics.
Physicists may try to test their knowledge of physics by proving, without using thermodynamics, that a proposed perpetual motion machine cannot work. Also, sometimes physicists will discover "apparent" perpetual motion in thought experiments. Such "paradoxes" expose misunderstandings of the meaning of accepted physical theories and are considered quite instructive.
Because the principles of thermodynamics are so well established, serious proposals for perpetual motion machines are met with disbelief on the part of physicists, which makes a discussion of the merits of the proposal difficult if not impossible.
Serious discussions of perpetual motion usually occur only when dealing with the topics of open systemss, aether theories, free energy, and vacuum energy.
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2 Kinds of Violations 3 First Kind 4 Second Kind 5 Thought experiments 6 Inventions and Patents 7 See also 8 External links, resources, references |
Perpetual motion machines violate one or both of the following two laws of physics: the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of conservation of energy. The second law has several statements, the most intuitive of which is that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places; the most well known is that disorder (entropy) always increases; another statement is that no engine can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine. See the respective articles, and thermodynamics, for more information.
Machines which claim not to violate either of the two laws of thermodynamics but rather claim to generate energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name.
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is one which converts heat completely into other forms of energy. Such a device would violate the second law of thermodynamics (see also entropy) and would be viewed with great skepticism.
As stated in the introduction, serious work in theoretical physics often involves thought experiments that test the boundaries of understanding of physical laws. An incomplete list of such includes:
The invention of perpetual motion machines is a favourite pastime of many eccentrics, who often come up with elaborate machines in the style of Rube Goldberg or Heath Robinson. These designs may appear to work on paper at first glance, but have various flaws or obfuscated external power sources that render them useless in practice.
This sort of "invention" has become common enough that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has made an official policy of refusing to grant patents for perpetual motion machines without a working model. The USPTO granted a few patents for motors that are claimed to run without net energy input. These patents were issued because it was not obvious from the patent that a perpetual motion machine was being claimed. These are:
Historic
Criteria
Kinds of Violations
First Kind
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces more energy than it uses. Therefore, once started, the machine can go on forever. This is prohibited by the Law of Conservation of Energy. Many of these designs utilize magnets as some kind of free energy source, and assume frictionless surfaces. However, while several of these designs are not perpetual motion machines, they often times can run on their own for a long time, as long as they're not asked to do any real work to the external environment.Second Kind
Thought experiments
An incomplete list of proposed experiments:
Inventions and Patents
Main article: History of perpetual motion machines
Proponents of perpetual motion machines use a number of other terms to describe their inventions, including "free energy" and "over unity" machines.See also
External links, resources, references
Research
Patents