Neolithic
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This time period is part of the Pleistocene epoch. |
| Pleistocene Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic |
| Holocene Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic Neolithic 8,000s BC 7,000s BC etc. |
The Neolithic, (Greek neos=new, lithos=stone, or "New Stone Age") is traditionally the last part of the stone age. The term was invented by John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system. It followed Pleistocene epipalaeolithic and early Holocene Mesolithic cultures with the start of farming and ended when metal tools came into widespread use in the Copper Age (chalcolithic), Bronze Age or Iron Age, depending on geographical region.
The term "Neolithic" is associated with a suite of specific behavioural characteristics including the growing of crops and the use of domesticated animals. From ca. 9000 to 7000 BC this was limited to keeping sheep and goats, but by ca. 7000 BC it included cattle, cultivation of domesticated plants, permanently or semi-permanently inhabited settlements and the use of pottery and ground-stone tools rather than flaked ones. Again, the adoption of these technologies was not uniform and varied from region to region. Japanese societies used pottery in the Mesolithic for example.
In Southwest Asia and Europe, Neolithic cultures appear at ca. 10000 BC in Mesopotamia and the Levant and from there spread to southeast Europe by 7,000 BC, Central Europe by 5.500 BC cal (Linearbandkeramic) and from there through a combination of diffusion of ideas and migration of peoples, spreads westward to northwest Europe by 4500 BC. There is little evidence for developed hierarchies in the Neolithic, which is a cultural development more closely associated with the Bronze Age. In some areas of the world not all of these characteristics are present in cultures defined as Neolithic -- e.g. the earliest farming societies in the Near East do not use pottery -- and in Britain it remains unclear what the contribution of domestic plants was in the earliest Neolithic, or even whether permanently settled communities existed.
The advent of farming caused great change in people's lives. Instead of living as nomads and wandering from place to place in search of food, people increasingly stayed in one place, giving rise to towns, and later cities and states. Because of the profound differences in the way humans interacted once agriculture began, this element of the New Stone Age is sometimes called the Neolithic Revolution, a term coined by the Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
The Neolithic people of Northwestern Europe built long housess and elaborate tombs for their dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and constructed causewayed campss, henges flint mines and cursus monuments.
With very minor exceptions (a few copper hatchets and spear heads in the Great Lakes region) the peoples of the Americas and the Pacific remained at the neolithic level of technology up until the time of the European contacts. Technological complexity does not correlate with social complexity. A glance at such cultures as the Iroquois, Pueblo people, Maya civilization and the Maori shows that a culture may be highly socially and politically sophisticated in many ways without knowledge of the use of metals.
Neolithic settlements include:
- Jericho in the Levant, Neolithic from around 8350 BC, arising from the earlier Epipaleolithic Natufian culture.
- Çatalhöyük; in Turkey, 7500 BC
- Mehrgarh in South Asia, 7000 BC
- Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, ca. 9000 BC.
- Nevali Cori in Turkey, ca. 8000 BC.
- Knap of Howar and Skara Brae, the Orkney Islands, Scotland, from 3500 BC.