Mushroom picking in Slavic culture
The tradition of picking and eating wild mushrooms is prominent in most Slavic countries such as Russia, Poland and Czech Republic among others. Whole families often venture into the nearest forest after a strong rain during mushroom season, picking bucketfuls of mushrooms, which are cooked and eaten for dinner upon return or alternatively dried or marinated for later consumption.The knowledge for identifying edible mushrooms is usually passed on through generations, however is usually far from sufficient to reliably avoid mushroom poisoning according to Western standards. On the contrary, Western views on mushroom hunting are often viewed as overly paranoid by most Slavic societies, and sometimes ridiculed. Some species of mushroom listed as poisonous in Western literature are even listed as edible in Slavic literature. Additionally, numerous poisonous mushrooms whose toxins can be broken down thermally at temperatures under 100°C, are commonly consumed after boiling for several minutes and discarding the water. Such leniency toward potential health risks can be justified by the fact that only a handful of poisonous mushrooms lead to fatal poisonings and are reasonably easy to avoid, and that children usually learn to identify edible mushrooms quite reliably through live examples, rather than textual descriptions. Also, some species have been shown to contain different amounts of toxins when growing in the New World and the Old World.
Literature and picking guides also frequently offer reminders to always cut a mushroom with a blade, rather than pulling it out, and to never kick or otherwise destroy mushrooms one does not want, thus preserving the forest ecosystem.
The following is description of the Slavic mushroom gathering culture, rather than a mushroom picking guide. Refer to the see also section for safety guidelines and remember that when consuming a wild mushroom, you do so at your own risk.
The commonly gathered species, grouped by their order taxa, are as follows:
NOTE: Since this page is also intended to serve as a reference for interpreting Russian mycology-related information, mushroom species mentioned in each group are listed at the end of the paragraph using the following convention:
While the family of Amanitas should be aproached with extreme caution, as it contains the lethal Amanita phalloides and Amanita virosa, those confident in their skills often pick the Amanita rubescens, which is highly prized in Europe and to a much lesser extent in Russia, accounted by some not to superior taste, but to its relation to the Amanita caesaria, which is not found in Russia, but was considered a delicasy worthy of the emperor in Ancient Rome.
This order is often viewed as the order of "noble" mushrooms, containing few poisonous species, identifiable with relative ease, and having superior palatability. The most notable species is the Boletus edulis, the "mushroom king", a beautiful, almost legendary, relatively rare mushroom, edible in almost any (even raw) form, and commonly considered to be the best-tasting mushroom. Note: do not confuse the name transliteration "white mushroom" with Champignons, often known in English as "white mushrooms".
Commonly gathered mushrooms
Agaricaceae
Boletaceae
The Leccinum family includes two well-known mushroom species named after the trees they can usually be found next to. The Leccinum aurantiacum (as well as the L. versipelle), found under aspen trees, and the Leccinum scabrum (as well as the L. holopus), found under birch trees. The secondary mentioned species, are significantly different in cap colour only. Both types are very sought after, being highly palatable and beautiful, while more common than the B. edulis.
- Leccinum aurantiacum (Подосиновик Красный [Podosinovik Krasniy] - Red Under-Aspen; Boletus)
- Leccinum scabrum (Подберёзовик Обыковенный [Podberyozovik Obiknovenniy] - Common Under-Birch; Rough-Stemmed Boletus)
- Suillus (Маслёнок [Maslyonok] - Buttery Mushroom; The Slippery Jack, Butter Mushroom)
- Xerocomus (Моховик [Mokhovik] - Moss Mushroom; Mossiness Mushroom)
- Xerocomus badius (Польский Гриб [Polskiy Grib] - Polish Mushroom)
Cantharellaceae
The Cantharellus cibarius, a common and popular mushroom, especially in Europe, is a moderately palatable and unique mushroom. It is very rarely infested by worms or larvae, has a unique appearance, and when rotting, the decomposed parts are easily distinguishable and separable from those that are edible.
- Cantharellus cibarius (Лисичка Обыкновенная [Lisichka Obiknovennaya] - Common Little-Fox; Chanterelle, Yellow Chanterelle)
Coprinaceae
The Coprinus family is characterised by their affinity to grow on compost, the most desirable species being the Coprinus comatus, a very unique mushroom. When decaying, the mushroom decomposes into ink, and hence must be prepared soon after picking and only young specimens should be collected. While being a general mushroom hunting guideline, the avoidance of specimens growing in areas with high pollution is especially important with this family, as it is a very effective pollutant absorber.
- Coprinus comatus (Навозник Белый [Navoznik Beliy] - White Compost-Dweller; The Shaggy Mane)
Helvellaceae
The Gyromitra esculenta is considered poisonous, but can be consumed if boiled for 20-30 minutes and the water discarded, according to Slavic literature, and can be used to supplement or replace morel (see Morchellaceae below) mushrooms, while Western literature claims that even the fumes of the mushroom are dangerous. It is similar to morels both in appearance and palatabilty.
- Gyromitra esculenta (Строчок Обыкновенный [Strochok Obiknovenniy] - No Translation; False Morel, Beefsteak Mushroom)
Lepiotaecae
The Macrolepiota family, usually the Macrolepiota procera, and, to a lesser extent, the M. rhacodes are highly regarded, especially in Europe, being very palatable and very large, with specimens of M. procera as high as 1 metre being reported.
- Macrolepiota procera (Зонтик Пёстрый [Zontik Pyostriy] - Colourful Umbrella; The Parasol Mushroom)
Morchellaceae
The Morchella esculenta is significantly less prized in Slavic countries than it is in the United States, and like the Gyromitra esculenta, is considered marginally edible with mediocre palatablity. Boiling the mushroom and discarding the water is often recommended.
- Morchella esculenta (Сморчок Обыкновенный [Smorchok Obiknovenniy] - Common Shrunken Mushroom; Morel, Yellow Morel)
Russulaceae
Members of the Lactarius family, as the name suggests, lactate a milky liquid when wounded and are often scoffed upon by Westen literature. The Lactarius deliciosus is however regarded as one of the most palatable mushrooms in Slavic culture, comparable to the Boletus edulis. Also considered as similarly palatable, especially in Siberia, is the species Lactarius resimus and its black variety Lactarius necator. Thermal treatment may however be necessary in some cases. Slightly less appealing due to its bitter taste is the Lactarius pubescens.
- Lactarius deliciosus (Рыжик [Rizhik] - Redcap; Saffron Milk-Cap)
- Lactarius resimus (Груздь Настоящий [Gruzd Nastoyashiy] - No Translation; Pepper Cap)
- Lactarius necator (Груздь Чёрный [Gruzd Chyorniy] - No Translation; Black Pepper Cap)
- Lactarius pubescens (Волнушка Белая [Volnushka Belaya] - White Wavy Mushroom; Wooly Milk-Cap)
- Russula vesca (Сыроежка Пищевая (Siroyezhka Pischevaya) - Raw-Edible Mushroom; Russula)
Tricholomataceae
The Armillaria family, with the popular species A. gallica and A. mellea, being so similar that they are rarely differentiated, are palatable, highly abundant mushrooms. Generally found on decaying tree stumps, they grow in very large quantities and are easy to spot and identify, arguably reducing the fun and challenge in mushroom hunting.
- Armillaria (Опёнок Осенний [Opyonok Osenniy] - Autumn Stump-Grower; The Honey Mushroom, Shoestring Rot)
- Pleurotus ostreatus (Вешенка Устричная [Veshenka Ustrichnaya] - Oyster-Like Hanging Mushroom; The Oyster Mushroom)
Psychotropics
The Amanita muscaria's psychotropic properties have been traditionally used by shamans in Siberia in their rituals, however its use for such purposes today is very rare, despite the mushroom's abundance. Instead, the Psilocybe semilanceata, being the only psilocybin-containing mushroom common in Slavic countries, is sought after for its hallucinigenic properties, the latter being more desirable with fewer side effects than those of A. muscaria. The use of P. semilanceata is however significantly hindered by its small size, requiring larger quantities and being hard to spot.
- Amanita muscaria (Мухомор Красный [Mukhomor Krasniy] - Red Fly-Killer; Fly Agaric, Toadstool)
- Psilocybe semilanceata (Псилоциба Сосочковидная [Psilotsiba Sosochkovidnaya]] - Nipple-Like Psylocybe; Liberty Cap)
See Also
Mushroom hunting - useful mushroom gathering guidelines and precautions
Sources