Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania, spoken by about 4 million native Lithuanians. The Lithuanian name for the language is Lietuvių kalba.

In older literature on Baltic languages, "Lithuanian" can sometimes refer to Baltic Languages in general.

Lithuanian (Lietuvių kalba)

Spoken in: Lithuania and 18 other countries

Total speakers: 4 Million

Ranking: -

Genetic
classification: Indo-European
Baltic
Eastern
Lithuanian

Official status

Official language of: Lithuania

Regulated by: -

Language codes

ISO 639-1: lt

ISO 639-2: lit

SIL: LIT

History

The Lithuanian language still retains much of the original sound system and morphological peculiarities of the prototypal Indo-European language and therefore is fascinating for linguistic study. Some reconstructions have concluded that Lithuanian is the language most closely related to Proto-Indo-European [1]. Some linguists have speculated that proto-Baltic languages split from other Indo-European languages before 1000 BCE.

Between 400-600, the Lithuanian and Latvian languages split from the Western Baltic (Prussian) language group, which subsequently became extinct. The first known written Lithuanian text dates from a hymnal translation in 1545. Printed books in Lithuanian language are known since 1547, but the level of literacy among Lithuanians was low in the 16th – 18th centuries and books were not easily available. Literacy in Lithuania strongly increased during the 19th century, despite victimization, made by Russian authorities (which reached its peak after suppression of January Uprising, in 1864 – 1904, when Russian officials forbade any public spoken usage of Lithuanian language and usage of Latin alphabet for written language).

Lithuanian has been official language in Lithuania since 1918 year. During Soviet period ( 1944 – 1990, see History of Lithuania), it was used in official affairs along with Russian language, which was official in the USSR and had priority over Lithuanian language.

Classification

Lithuanian is one of two (the other is Latvian) living Baltic languages, which is a separate branch of the Indo-European languages.

Geographic distribution

Lithuanian is spoken mainly in Lithuania. It is also spoken in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, and Uzbekistan.

2,955,200 in Lithuania (including 3,460 Tatar) or about 80% of the population (1998) speak Lithuanian. The population total speaking Lithuanian for all countries is 4,000,000 (1993 UBS).

Official status

Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania.

Dialects

The Lithuanian language has two main dialects: Aukshtaitish (Aukštaičių, Highland Lithuanian) and Zhemaitish (Samogitian, Žemaičių, Lowland Lithuanian). See maps at [1].

Standard Lithuanian is based on Western Aukshtaitish. Intelligibility between Aukshtaitish and Zhemaitish is considered difficult by most Lithuanians. Second languages Russian and English are used with foreigners.

Sounds

Vowels

Lithuanian has 12 written vowels. In addition to the standard Roman letters, the ogonek accent is used to indicate long vowels, and is a historical relic of a time when these vowels were nasalized (as ogonek vowels are in modern Polish).

Majuscule A Ą E Ę Ė I Į Y O U Ų Ū

Minuscule a ą e ę ė i į y o u ų ū

IPA a aː ɛ ɛː eː i iː iː o u uː uː

Consonants

Lithuanian uses 20 consonant characters, drawn from the Roman alphabet. In addition, the digraph "Ch" represents a velar fricative (IPA [x]); the pronunciation of other digraphs can be deduced from their component elements.

Majuscule B C Č D F G H J K L M N P R S Š T V Z Ž

Minuscule b c č d f g h j k l m n p r s š t v z ž

IPA b c ʧ d f g ɣ j k l m n p r s ʃ t ʋ z ʒ

Phonology

Consonants

labial dental alveo-
dental alveolar alveo-
palatal velar

stops voiceless p t k

voiced b d g

fricatives voiceless f s ʃ x

voiced z ʒ ɣ

affricates voiced ʣ ʤ

voiceless ʦ ʧ

nasal m n

liquid lateral l

glide ʋ j

rhotic trill r

All consonants (except /j/) have two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized.

(Adapted from http://www.lituanus.org/1982_1/82_1_02.htm.)

Vowels

There are two possible ways to posit the Lithuanian vowel system. The traditional pattern has six long vowels and five short ones, with length as the distinctive feature:

front central back

long short long short

high iː i uː u

mid eː oː o

mid-low ɛː ɛ

low aː a

(Adapted from http://www.lituanus.org/1982_1/82_1_02.htm.)

However, at least one researcher suggests that a tense vs. lax distiction may be the actual distinguishing feature, or at least equally important as length. Such a hypothesis yields the chart below, where 'long' and 'short' have been preserved to parallel the terminology used above.

front back

long short long short

high iː ɪ uː ʊ

mid eː oː ɔ

low ɶ ɛ aː ɑ

(Adapted from http://www.lituanus.org/1972/72_1_05.htm.)

Historical sound changes

Grammar

There are two grammatical genders in Lithuanian. It has a free and mobile stress. Lithuanian language is inflected. It has 5 noun and 3 adjective declensions and 3 verbal conjugationss. All verbs have present, past, past iterative and future tenses of the indicative mood, conditional and imperative moodss (both without distinction of tenses) and infinitive. These forms, except the infinitive, are conjugative, having 2 singular, 2 plural persons and the 3rd person form common both for plural and singular. Nouns and other declinable words are declined in seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, three types of locative, and vocative (nouns only).

The 1st scientific Compendium of Lithuanian language was published 1856/57 by August Schleicher, a professor at Prague University.

Vocabulary

Writing system

Like many of the Indo-European languages, Lithuanian employs modified Roman script. It is comprised of 32 letters. Collation order presents one surprise: "Y" is moved to occur between I Ogonek (Į) and J.

A Ą B C Č D E Ę Ė F G H I Į Y J K L M N O P R S Š T U Ų Ū V Z Ž
a ą b c č d e ę ė f g h i į y j k l m n o p r s š t u ų ū v z ž

Acute, grave, and macron/tilde accents can be used to mark stress and vowel length. However, these are generally not written, except in dictionaries and where needed for clarity. In addition, the following digraphs are used, but are treated as sequences of two letters for collation purposes. It should be noted that the "Ch" digraph represents a velar fricative, while the others are straightforward compositions of their component letters.

Ch Dz Dž Ie Uo
ch dz dž ie uo