Electronic voting
Electronic voting is a term used to describe any of several means of determining people's collective intent electronically. Electronic voting includes voting by kiosk, internet, telephone, punch card, and optical scan ballot (a.k.a. mark-sense). Voting is done for many reasons and in many situations, ranging from determining the next garden club officers to determining the next leader of a country. Depending on the situation, a voting scheme will be required to meet differing needs depending on the circumstances.
Overview
Electronic voting systems have been in use since the 1960's[1] when punch card systems debuted. The newer mark-sense ballots allow a computer to count a voter's mark with an optical sensor. Internet and telephone voting systems have gained popularity for non-governmental purposes since the 1980's but suffer security problems preventing their application for government elections.
Direct recording electronic (DRE) systems, with interfaces much more like an ATM can, depending on design and implementation, provide instant feedback to the voters in case of invalid votes, and they can provide instant counts after polling. With a paper printout of each ballot -- verifiable by each voter -- they can also offer certain verifiability. By contrast, in a paperless system, voters must have faith in the accuracy of the counting software. Vendors of voting equipment tend to prefer proprietary software for business reasons; this alarms some observers. Open source software, based on its established track record related to security design (as opposed to the "security through obscurity" approach by proprietary software), would provide a large degree of transparency for such systems, at the cost of loss of exclusivity to vendors.
Electronic Voting Machines are used on a large scale in India (See Indian voting machines). In 2002, in the United States, the Help America Vote Act apparently mandated the use of electronic voting in all states. It seems likely that such systems will eventually be mandated across most or all democratic countries.
Direct Recording Electronic
Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems tally votes directly to computer memory. The voting machines typically take the form of a box or enclosure (rather like an ATM) or a laptop computer. Indian voting machines use a two-piece system with a balloting unit presenting the voter with a button (momentary switch) for each choice connected by a cable to an electronic ballot box. class="external">[1
DRE voting systems are often favored because they can incorporate assistive technologies for handicapped people, allowing them to vote without involving another person in the process. They can also offer immediate feedback on the vailidity of a particular ballot so that the voter can have an opportunity to correct problems if they are noticed.
A fundamental challenge with DRE voting machines is the re-count of votes to verify that the hardware/software involved performed its task correctly. The Mercuri Method of electronic voting, described by Rebecca Mercuri, addresses the problem by having the DRE machine print a paper ballot that is verified by the voter before being dropped into a ballot box. The paper ballots would then be used for recounts if necessary.
David Chaum proposes a solution to the repeatability and verifiability issues that allows the voter to verify that the vote is cast appropriately and that the vote is counted. He proposes a two-layer printout from a DRE voting machine (Chaum, 1988). The layers, when combined, show the human-readable vote. The voter selects one layer to destroy at the poll and takes the other layer as a receipt, and the voter can verify that his particular vote was counted with that receipt, but the actual vote cast is thoroughly encrypted. The chief drawback to Chaum's method is that the cryptographic mathematics involved are not understood by most observers, election officials, legislators, and procurement officials.
Another challenge for DRE systems is a requirement in some areas that the entire ballot be presented to the voter simultaneously, so the voter can "vote for President, then vote for dog catcher, then leave," according to Rebecca Mercuri in a November 14, 2003 presentation. DRE systems in those areas need particularly large screens to accommodate all choices.
Improper marks on the ballot are the primary cause of problems with mark-sense voting. The marks may be inadvertent, accidentally outside the prescribed locations, made with an incompatible writing instrument, or incomplete.
The Datavote systems tend to have higher accuracy than Votomatic machines. Votomatic machines suffer from all manner of problems related to handling the perforated cards - problems that featured prominently in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election.
The Fox TV Network used telephone voting to determine the winner of the American Idol television talent contest. In the case of the 2003 Ruben Studdard/Clay Aiken contest, another drawback of telephone voting appeared. Viewers were asked to call a number indicating their preference, but the telephone systems, presumably two identical systems for counting votes, were operating very near capacity for the duration of the voting period. Perhaps as a result, out of 24 million votes cast, Studdard "won" by only 130,000 votes.
Mark-sense voting
In mark-sense voting the user marks a paper ballot and feeds it into a ballot box. The votes may be tallied by automatic sensors at a central location or at the precinct. With precinct-tallied votes, the systems usually verify that the ballot is legitimate as they accept the ballot.Punch card voting
With punch card ballots, voters create holes in prepared ballot cards to indicate their choices. There are two main vendor systems, Datavote and Votomatic. Datavote systems use a cutting tool and vacuum to clean away material from unperforated cards indicating the voters' choices. Votomatic machines require the voter to punch out a perforated rectangle (ie, a chad) from the card using a stylus.Internet voting
With internet voting, people cast their ballots online. Corporations routinely use internet voting to elect officers and Board members. Because of security concerns, the U.S. military cancelled plans to allow voters of of eight states to vote online in a trial run of internet voting for overseas personnel in the 2004 presidential election.[1] Identification of voters is a significant challenge, but internet voting makes it easier for people to cast their ballots than do many other methods.Telephone voting
Telephone voting allows people to call different telephone numbers to indicate preference for different options, or a voter might call one number and indicate a preference by pressing buttons in a menu system. Its main drawback is the difficulty in verifying the identity of the voter and in permitting only one vote per person. Its chief advantage is the ease in getting people to participate.Six commandments of electronic voting
Michael Shamos devised the Six Commandments of Electronic Voting [1]. Although stated humorously, the assertions made are intended to be taken seriously. The commandments are in estimated order of importance, judged by statutes and willingness of election officials to compromise on the various requirements.Problems with electronic voting
See also
References
External links
Footnote
From Shamos' document: Recall that women now constitute a majority of registered voters in the United States. (back to text)