Computer science

In its most general sense, computer science (CS or compsci) is the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. In practice, computer science includes a variety of topics relating to computers, which range from the abstract analysis of algorithms, formal grammars, etc. to more concrete subjects like programming languages, software, and computer hardware. As a scientific discipline, it differs significantly from mathematics, programming, software engineering, and computer engineering, although these fields are often confused. Edsger Dijkstra is quoted as saying "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The renowned physicist Richard Feynman said:

"Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing!"

The Church-Turing thesis states that all known kinds of reasonable paradigms of computation are essentially equivalent in what they can do, although they vary in time and space efficiency. The thesis is not a mathematical theorem which can be proven, but a statement which requires empirical observation, usually in the form of a proof that two distinct computational schemes do in fact have the same computational power. This thesis is a fundamental principle of computer science. Most research in computer science has been related to von Neumann computerss or Turing machines (computers that do one small, deterministic task at a time). These models resemble most real computers in use today. Computer scientists also study other kinds of machines, some practical (like parallel machines) and some theoretical (like random, oracle, and quantum machines).

Computer scientists study what programs can and cannot do (see computability and artificial intelligence), how programs should efficiently perform specific tasks (see algorithms), how programs should store and retrieve specific kinds of information (see data structures and data bases), and how programs and people should communicate with each other (see human-computer interaction and user interfaces).

Computer science has roots in electrical engineering, mathematics and linguistics. In the last third of the 20th century computer science has become recognized as a distinct discipline and has developed its own methods and terminology.

The first computer science department in the United States was founded at Purdue University in 1962. The University of Cambridge in England, among others, taught CS prior to this, however at the time, CS was seen as a branch of mathematics, and not a separate department. Cambridge claims to have the world's oldest taught qualification in computing. Most universities today have specific departments devoted to computer science.

The highest honor in computer science is the Turing Award.

Table of contents

1 Related fields 2 Major fields of importance for computer science 2.1 Mathematical foundations 2.2 Theoretical computer science 2.3 Hardware 2.4 Computer systems organization 2.5 Software 2.6 Data and information systems 2.7 Computing methodologies 2.8 Computer applications 2.9 Computing milieux 3 History 4 Prominent pioneers in computer science 5 See also 6 External links

Related fields

Computer science is closely related to several other fields. These fields overlap considerably, though important differences exist

• Information science is the study of data and information, including how to interpret, analyze, store, and retrieve it. Information science started as the foundation of scientific analysis of communication and databases.
• Computer programming or software development is the act of writing program code.
• Lexicography and specialized lexicography focus on the study of lexicographic reference works and include the study of electronic and Internet-based dictionaries.
• Linguistics is the study of languages, converging with computer science in such areas as programming language design and natural language processing.
• Software engineering emphasizes analysis, design, construction, and testing of useful software. Software engineering can include development methodologies (such as the waterfall model and extreme programming) and software project management.
• Information systems (IS) is the application of computing to support the operations of an organization: operating, installing, and maintaining the computers, software, and data.
  • Management information systems (MIS) is a subfield of information systems, that emphasizes financial and personnel management.
• Mathematics shares many techniques and topics with computer science, but is more general. In some sense, CS is the mathematics of computing.
• Logic is a formal system of reasoning, and studies principles that lay at the very basis of computing/reasoning machines, whether it be the hardware (digital logic) or software (verification, AI etc.) levels. The subfield of logic called computability logic provides a systematic answer to the fundamental questions about what can be computed and how.
• Computer engineering is the analysis, design, and construction of computer hardware.
• Information security is the analysis and implementation of information system security, including hahaha fuck youcryptography.

Major fields of importance for computer science

Mathematical foundations

• Boolean algebra
• Discrete mathematics
• Graph theory
• Information theory
• Symbolic logic
• Probability and Statistics

Theoretical computer science

• Algorithmic information theory
• Computability theory
• Cryptography
• Formal semantics
• Theory of computation (or theoretical computer science)
  • analysis of algorithms and problem complexity
  • logics and meanings of programs
  • Mathematical logic and Formal languages
• Type theory

Hardware

(see also electrical engineering)

• Control structures and Microprogramming
• Arithmetic and Logic structures
• Memory structures
• input/output and Data communications
• Logic Design
• Integrated circuits
  • VLSI design
• Performance and reliability

Computer systems organization

(see also electrical engineering)

• Computer architecture
• Computer networks
  • Distributed computing
• Performance of systems
• Computer system implementation

Software

• Computer program and Computer programming
  • Parallel Programming
  • Program specification
  • Program verification
• Programming techniques
• Software engineering
  • Optimization
  • Software metrics
  • Configuration management and Software Configuration Management (SCM)
  • Structured programming
  • Object orientation
  • Design patterns
  • Documentation
• Programming languages
• Operating Systems
• Compilers
  • Lexical analysis
  • Parsing

Data and information systems

• Data structures
• Data storage representations
• Data encryption
• Data compression
• Data recovery
• Coding and Information theory
• Files
  • File formats
• Information systems
  • Databases
  • Information Storage and retrieval
  • Information Interfaces and Presentation

Computing methodologies

• Symbolic and Algebraic manipulation
• Artificial intelligence
• Computer graphics
• Image processing and computer vision
• Pattern recognition
  • Speech recognition
• Simulation and Modeling
• Document and text processing
• Digital signal processing

Computer applications

• Administrative data processing
  • Enterprise resource planning
  • Customer relationship management
• Mathematical software
  • Numerical analysis
  • Automated theorem proving
  • Computer algebra systems
• Physical science and Engineering
  • Computational chemistry
  • Computational physics
• Life and medical sciences
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology
  • Medical informatics
• Social and behavioral sciences
• Arts and Humanities
• Computer-aided engineering
• Robotics
• Human-computer interaction
  • Speech synthesis
  • Usability engineering

Computing milieux

• Computer industry
• History of computing hardware
• Computers and education
• Computers and society
  • Computer supported cooperative work
• Legal aspects of computing
  • Free software and Open Source
• Management of computing and Information systems
• Personal computing
• Computer and information security

History

• History of computing
• Origins of computer terms
• Early programming projects
• Computer science departments
• Timeline of algorithms

Prominent pioneers in computer science

• Charles Babbage, Designed and built a prototype for a mechanical calculator; designed, but never built, the more powerful Analytical Engine.
• John Backus Invention of FORTRAN (Formula Translation), the first practical high-level programming language and the Backus-Naur form for describing formal language syntax.
• James W. Cooley and John W. Tukey The Fast Fourier Transform and its impact on scientific research.
• Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, inventors of the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
• Edsger Dijkstra for algorithms, Goto considered harmful, rigor, and pedagogy.
• C.A.R Hoare for the development of the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and Quicksort.
• Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, for doing pioneer work in the 1940s, one of the first to recognize the necessity for higher level programming languages, or what she termed automatic programming. She wrote the A-O compiler. Her ideas heavily influenced the COBOL language.
• Kenneth Iverson Inventor of APL, for his contribution to interactive computing.
• William Kahan for the IEEE floating-point standard. (Perhaps this reference should be moved to hardware engineering.)
• Donald Knuth for The Art of Computer Programming series.
• Ada Lovelace, contemporary of Charles Babbage, famous for her Sketch of the Analytical Engine, an analysis of Babbage's work; the namesake for the modern computer language, Ada.
• John von Neumann for devising the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.
• Claude E. Shannon for information theory.
• Alan Turing for computability theory, pioneering work in the field of Artificial Intelligence, and for the design of the Pilot ACE.
• Maurice Wilkes for building the first practical stored program computer to be completed, and creditted with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs.
• James H. Wilkinson The technique of "backward error analysis" and advances in the field of matrix computations. Wilkinson was also a principal mover in the development of the Pilot ACE, the first British computer, in the late 1940s. (See more on Wilkinson in the MacTutor Biographies.)
• Konrad Zuse Builder of a binary computer in the 1930s, for which he allegedly devised a theoretical high level programming language, Plankalkül.

See list of computer scientists for many more notables.

See also

• Computer science basic topics
• Computer science topics, a more extensive list
• Computing
• List of computing topics
• History of computing
• History of computing hardware
• Turing Award (ACM)
• IEEE John von Neumann Medal
• Computer jargon
• Computer slang
• Computing analogies
• Internet
• Multimedia
• Data acquisition
• Benchmark
• Sensor network
• Online computations and algorithms
• Computer numbering formats
• List of important publications in computer science

External links

• Women and Computer Science by Ellen Spertus
• Open Directory Project: Computer Science