Cercozoa
The Cercozoa are a group of protists, including most amoebae and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by genetic studies. The group was first defined as a phylum by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998.The best-known Cercozoa are the euglyphids, filose amoebae that produce shells, which are common in soils, in nutrient-rich waters, and on aquatic plants. The shells are composed of siliceous scales or plates in a more or less regular arrangement, formed within the cell and then assembled on its surface. A few other filose amoebae produce shells, such as Gromia, and were once grouped with the euglyphids as the Testacealobosea. This does not appear to be a monophyletic group, but all studied members fall within the Cercozoa.
Another important group placed here are the chlorarachniophytes, strange amoebae that form a reticulating net. They are set apart by the presence of chloroplasts, which apparently developed from an ingested green alga. They are bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph. As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.
Flagellate members include the cercomonads, spongomonads, thaumatomonads, and cryothecomonads. The Foraminifera appear to be close relatives of the group, and a few other amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods are placed within it, such as the Gymnophryidae. The plasmodiophorids, a group of peculiar parasites resembling slime molds, are generally considered Cercozoa but this has been disputed.